examples:non-residential_buildings:passive_house_swimming_pools
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examples:non-residential_buildings:passive_house_swimming_pools [2015/03/09 13:35] – jbreitfeld | examples:non-residential_buildings:passive_house_swimming_pools [2017/12/13 18:33] (current) – [Comparison of the measured data with projected energy consumption] kdreimane | ||
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The building was designed and planned by the architects "nps tchoban voss" (npstv) from Hamburg. Planning of the entire mechanical systems, ventilation and swimming pool technology was carried out by the engineering firm ENERATIO, also from Hamburg. The Passive House Institute in Darmstadt was responsible for consultancy relating to energy efficiency and quality assurance. The client and initiator of this project was the Bädergesellschaft Lünen.\\ | The building was designed and planned by the architects "nps tchoban voss" (npstv) from Hamburg. Planning of the entire mechanical systems, ventilation and swimming pool technology was carried out by the engineering firm ENERATIO, also from Hamburg. The Passive House Institute in Darmstadt was responsible for consultancy relating to energy efficiency and quality assurance. The client and initiator of this project was the Bädergesellschaft Lünen.\\ | ||
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The Passive House indoor swimming pool in Lünen has an excellent building envelope in terms of thermal quality, which results in significantly lower thermal transmission losses compared with standard new buildings. This thermal optimisation of the building envelope implies higher interior surface temperatures, | The Passive House indoor swimming pool in Lünen has an excellent building envelope in terms of thermal quality, which results in significantly lower thermal transmission losses compared with standard new buildings. This thermal optimisation of the building envelope implies higher interior surface temperatures, | ||
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Details regarding the building, integrated planning and project realisation are presented in the report on integrated planning of the pool [[http:// | Details regarding the building, integrated planning and project realisation are presented in the report on integrated planning of the pool [[http:// | ||
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- | |//**Figure 1: \\ Aerial view of the Lippe pool** \\ \\ Source: Bädergesellschaft Lünen// | + | |
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===== Operation ===== | ===== Operation ===== | ||
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===== Heating and electricity consumption ===== | ===== Heating and electricity consumption ===== | ||
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The first thing of interest is the overall consumption for heating and electricity by the indoor swimming pool. The closure period in July and August is apparent in Fig. 2 (see Section on [[examples: | The first thing of interest is the overall consumption for heating and electricity by the indoor swimming pool. The closure period in July and August is apparent in Fig. 2 (see Section on [[examples: | ||
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- | |//**Figure 2: \\ Overall monthly heating and electricity consumption in the indoor swimming pool from \\ March 2012 till March 2013.**// | ||
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- | If the consumption of the eleven months shown here is projected onto a complete year, this results in 258 kWh/(m²a) for the total heating energy and 156 kWh/(m²a) for the total electricity consumption of the building. | + | If the consumption of the eleven months shown here is projected onto a complete year, this results in 258 kWh/(m²a) for the total heating energy and 156 kWh/(m²a) for the total electricity consumption of the building. |
- | Heat for all applications is directly supplied from four sources: biogas cogeneration unit (only from June 2012 onwards) (33.9 %), waste gas heat exchanger from two combined heat and power plant (condensing technology) (33.5 %), waste heat from equipment housing of two CHP plants (16.6 %), and the district heat network of the City of Lünen (16.0 %).\\ | + | Heat for all applications is directly supplied from four sources: biogas cogeneration unit (only from June 2012 onwards) (33.9 %), waste gas heat exchanger from two combined heat and power plant (condensing technology) (33.5 %), waste heat from equipment housing of two CHP plants (16.6 %), and the district heat network of the City of Lünen (16.0 %). |
- | The entire heating energy consumption of this pool comprises the following three areas: pool water heating, hot water generation for showers, and supply air heating. Heating of the water in the pools required 123 kWh/(m²a) in total (treated floor area), heating the water for showers required 35 kWh/(m²a). 94 kWh/(m²a) were used for heating the building (supply air heating).\\ | + | The entire heating energy consumption of this pool comprises the following three areas: pool water heating, hot water generation for showers, and supply air heating. Heating of the water in the pools required 123 kWh/(m²a) in total (treated floor area), heating the water for showers required 35 kWh/(m²a). 94 kWh/(m²a) were used for heating the building (supply air heating). |
- | Fig. 3 shows the electricity consumption values separately for each of the five main areas (annual total 156 kWh/ | + | Fig. 3 shows the electricity consumption values separately for each of the five main areas (annual total 156 kWh/ |
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- | |**//Figure 3: \\ Monthly specific electricity consumptions of the different sections in the indoor swimming | + | |
- | \\ | + | Power supply to the pool is ensured through electricity from the grid and solar electricity generated by a large PV system on the roof of the building (91 kWp), as well as two PV trackers installed on the compound (19.7 kWp). Temporary surplus power and the entire electricity generated by the PV trackers are fed into the public grid. Only 12 % of the electricity used by the indoor swimming pool is provided directly through solar power. 6.2 kWh/(m²a) of solar electricity was additionally fed into the grid (absolute equivalent: over 24 200 kWh). In this case, despite the high efficiency of the building, on an annual average the pool still has a significantly higher electricity consumption than generated by the on-site PV systems. This highlights the necessity for the development and use of efficient electric technology. |
- | Power supply to the pool is ensured through electricity from the grid and solar electricity generated by a large PV system on the roof of the building (91 kWp), as well as two PV trackers installed on the compound (19.7 kWp). Temporary surplus power and the entire electricity generated by the PV trackers are fed into the public grid. Only 12 % of the electricity used by the indoor swimming pool is provided directly through solar power. 6.2 kWh/(m²a) of solar electricity was additionally fed into the grid (absolute equivalent: over 24 200 kWh). In this case, despite the high efficiency of the building, on an annual average the pool still has a significantly higher electricity consumption than generated by the on-site PV systems. This highlights the necessity for the development and use of efficient electric technology.\\ | + | |
The following specific consumption values result if these overall annual consumption values for heating and electricity are applied to the pool area of 850 m²:\\ | The following specific consumption values result if these overall annual consumption values for heating and electricity are applied to the pool area of 850 m²:\\ | ||
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Comparison with other swimming pools is not easy because there very little reliable or suitable comparison data available. The references in available literature [[examples: | Comparison with other swimming pools is not easy because there very little reliable or suitable comparison data available. The references in available literature [[examples: | ||
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- | This initial orientation demonstrates clearly that even in the first year, the consumption values | + | |
- | In addition to this, a large waste water treatment system installed in the Lippe pool which can process a maximum of 70 % of the filter backwash and feed it back into the pool water cycle, was not in operation during most of the monitoring period. These significant amounts of water (up to over 15.000 m³/a) that can be filtered would then no longer have to be supplemented with incoming cold water, which needs to be heated to pool temperature. It is intended to reconnect the water treatment system after technical adaptations. A further 50 to 60 kWh/(m²a), that is, approximately 20% of the heat consumption, | + | This initial orientation demonstrates clearly that even in the first year, the consumption values in Lünen were already considerably below the average values found in the literature references; the measured value for heating is almost 70 % below the reference average value, and more than 40 % in the case of electricity. |
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+ | In addition to this, a large waste water treatment system installed in the Lippe pool which can process a maximum of 70 % of the filter backwash and feed it back into the pool water cycle, was not in operation during most of the monitoring period. These significant amounts of water (up to over 15.000 m³/a) that can be filtered would then no longer have to be supplemented with incoming cold water, which needs to be heated to pool temperature. It is intended to reconnect the water treatment system after technical adaptations. A further 50 to 60 kWh/(m²a), that is, approximately 20% of the heat consumption, | ||
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+ | The first year of operation of the Lippe pool was characterised, | ||
- | The first year of operation of the Lippe pool was characterised, | ||
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===== Ventilation concept ===== | ===== Ventilation concept ===== | ||
A total of six ventilation units with heating coils in the supply air are located in the basement. Two different types of devices were used. Those for the pool areas are custom-built devices with two cross-flow heat exchangers and one counter-flow heat exchanger connected in series. One of these devices is equipped with a heat pump in order to extract and recover additional energy from the exhaust air (enthalpy recovery). On account of the high quality building envelope it is not necessary to have the dry supply air enter near the facade.\\ | A total of six ventilation units with heating coils in the supply air are located in the basement. Two different types of devices were used. Those for the pool areas are custom-built devices with two cross-flow heat exchangers and one counter-flow heat exchanger connected in series. One of these devices is equipped with a heat pump in order to extract and recover additional energy from the exhaust air (enthalpy recovery). On account of the high quality building envelope it is not necessary to have the dry supply air enter near the facade.\\ | ||
- | The ventilation technology plays a key role for an energy-optimised indoor swimming pool. Full exploitation of the potential was not possible during the adjustment phase - despite the excellent results already obtained. The humidity in the pool areas can be increased further, and regulation of the devices has to be optimised even more. \\ | + | The ventilation technology plays a key role for an energy-optimised indoor swimming pool. Full exploitation of the potential was not possible during the adjustment phase - despite the excellent results already obtained. The humidity in the pool areas can be increased further, and regulation of the devices has to be optimised even more. |
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The analysis also showed that the total circulating air volume flow of all devices in the indoor pool makes up about 70 % on average of the supply air, with only 30 % outdoor air flow. Only the latter is necessary for dehumidification and air renewal, whilst the circulating air volume flow is only needed to ensure that the air in the halls is sufficiently mixed and distributed. Lower air circulation volumes are viable and imply significant energy savings. This was demonstrated with experiments on air flow in the halls (fog experiments). The ultimate aim of the Passive House concept for indoor swimming pools is operation completely without recirculated air, since this means a considerable reduction in the electricity consumption of the ventilation units.\\ | The analysis also showed that the total circulating air volume flow of all devices in the indoor pool makes up about 70 % on average of the supply air, with only 30 % outdoor air flow. Only the latter is necessary for dehumidification and air renewal, whilst the circulating air volume flow is only needed to ensure that the air in the halls is sufficiently mixed and distributed. Lower air circulation volumes are viable and imply significant energy savings. This was demonstrated with experiments on air flow in the halls (fog experiments). The ultimate aim of the Passive House concept for indoor swimming pools is operation completely without recirculated air, since this means a considerable reduction in the electricity consumption of the ventilation units.\\ | ||
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Various tests relating to the effect of higher humiditiy in the halls and low circulating air volume flow were carried out during the monitoring. The significant effects on the heating and electricity consumption observed in the baselinse research could thus also be confirmed in practice.\\ | Various tests relating to the effect of higher humiditiy in the halls and low circulating air volume flow were carried out during the monitoring. The significant effects on the heating and electricity consumption observed in the baselinse research could thus also be confirmed in practice.\\ | ||
- | Regulation of the ventilation units takes place based on the setpoint value for indoor air humidity; lower humidity levels require higher outdoor air changes for drying the air, which leads to higher heat consumption. In the course of operation, the set values for humidity levels in the halls were changed for various reasons. On 18.9.12, the humidity in three pool halls was decreased considerably (ca. - 15 percentage points or 4.4 g/kg), which resulted in a substantial increase in the heat consumption (the total for the three halls was ca. + 410 kWh/day). Before this date no supplementary heating via the heating coil was required in the pool area 1+2 since the heat pump of the unit had been sufficient for heating (Fig. 5). The lower humidiy caused in increase of the electricity consumption of the three ventilation units by almost 100 kWh/day. This clearly demonstrates the influence of humidity in the pool areas on the building’s energy consumption. | + | Regulation of the ventilation units takes place based on the setpoint value for indoor air humidity; lower humidity levels require higher outdoor air changes for drying the air, which leads to higher heat consumption. In the course of operation, the set values for humidity levels in the halls were changed for various reasons. On 18.9.12, the humidity in three pool halls was decreased considerably (ca. - 15 percentage points or 4.4 g/kg), which resulted in a substantial increase in the heat consumption (the total for the three halls was ca. + 410 kWh/day). Before this date no supplementary heating via the heating coil was required in the pool area 1+2 since the heat pump of the unit had been sufficient for heating (Fig. 5). The lower humidiy caused in increase of the electricity consumption of the three ventilation units by almost 100 kWh/day. This clearly demonstrates the influence of humidity in the pool areas on the building’s energy consumption. |
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- | |//**Figure 5:\\ Influence of changes in the humidity levels in the pool halls (left) or air volume flow (right) on the \\ electricity or heat consumption of the ventilation units.**// | + | By means of a fog experiment for visualisation of the indoor air flow it was ascertained that no problems with "dead corners" |
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- | By means of a fog experiment for visualisation of the indoor air flow it was ascertained that no problems with "dead corners" | + | |
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===== Comparison of the measured data with projected energy consumption ===== | ===== Comparison of the measured data with projected energy consumption ===== | ||
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+ | The possibility of reliably predicting the energy demand of a building during the planning stage is a basic prerequisite for achieving a high level of energy efficiency as this allows optimisation of individual components and of the overall building concept. The energy flows in an indoor swimming pool are extremely complex and difficult to comprehend on account of the many interactions and control systems. The multi-zone PHPP mentioned previously was developed for this reason. This tool was during the planning stage for the specific project requirements and is still being further developed. | ||
- | The possibility of reliably predicting | + | The present monitoring data was used to verify the assumptions, |
- | The present monitoring data was used to verify | + | Apart from pool water heating, |
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+ | Heating | ||
- | Apart from pool water heating, the other major applications (space heating, hot water generation and electricity) were already correctly represented in the energy balance during the planning phase. With adjusted boundary conditions, correlation of the measured data with the calculations is excellent (keeping in mind unavoidable uncertainties), | ||
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- | |//**Figure 6: \\ The calcualted final energy demand (coloured bars) of the updated energy balance under the \\ measured boundary conditions of the winter of 2012/2013 in comparison with the measured \\ data (grey bars) from the time period between April 2012 and March 2013.**\\ | ||
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- | More accurate correlation of the calculation with the measured data is not to be expected solely \\ on account of discontinuous operation and remaining uncertainties relating to some of the \\ assumptions. The magnitudes are correctly calculated. | ||
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- | Heating the required hot water accounts for the biggest share of the overall final energy consumption (pool water and hot water for other uses), followed by the total for the electrical applications. Some of the findings obtained so far from the data evaluation of the Lippe swimming pool and their effect on the energy balance calculation are described below. \\ | ||
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===== Energy balance for heating pool water ===== | ===== Energy balance for heating pool water ===== |
examples/non-residential_buildings/passive_house_swimming_pools.1425904556.txt.gz · Last modified: 2015/03/09 13:35 by jbreitfeld