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--- examples:non-residential_buildings:passive_house_swimming_pools [2017/12/13 18:22] – [The concept: Passive House indoor swimming pool in Lünen] kdreimane
+++ examples:non-residential_buildings:passive_house_swimming_pools [2017/12/13 18:33] (current) – [Comparison of the measured data with projected energy consumption] kdreimane
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 ===== Heating and electricity consumption =====
+[{{ :picopen:luenen_fig2.png?500|**Figure 2: Overall monthly heating and electricity consumption in the indoor swimming pool from March 2012 till March 2013.**}}]
 The first thing of interest is the overall consumption for heating and electricity by the indoor swimming pool. The closure period in July and August is apparent in Fig. 2 (see Section on [[examples:non-residential_buildings:passive_house_swimming_pools#operation|Operation]]). \\
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-|{{:picopen:luenen_fig2.png?600|}}|\\
-|//**Figure 2: \\ Overall monthly heating and electricity consumption in the indoor swimming pool from \\ March 2012 till March 2013.**//|\\
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-If the consumption of the eleven months shown here is projected onto a complete year, this results in 258 kWh/(m²a) for the total heating energy and 156 kWh/(m²a) for the total electricity consumption of the building. \\
+If the consumption of the eleven months shown here is projected onto a complete year, this results in 258 kWh/(m²a) for the total heating energy and 156 kWh/(m²a) for the total electricity consumption of the building.
-Heat for all applications is directly supplied from four sources: biogas cogeneration unit (only from June 2012 onwards) (33.9 %), waste gas heat exchanger from two combined heat and power plant (condensing technology) (33.5 %), waste heat from equipment housing of two CHP plants (16.6 %), and the district heat network of the City of Lünen (16.0 %).\\
+Heat for all applications is directly supplied from four sources: biogas cogeneration unit (only from June 2012 onwards) (33.9 %), waste gas heat exchanger from two combined heat and power plant (condensing technology) (33.5 %), waste heat from equipment housing of two CHP plants (16.6 %), and the district heat network of the City of Lünen (16.0 %).
-The entire heating energy consumption of this pool comprises the following three areas: pool water heating, hot water generation for showers, and supply air heating. Heating of the water in the pools required 123 kWh/(m²a) in total (treated floor area), heating the water for showers required 35 kWh/(m²a). 94 kWh/(m²a) were used for heating the building (supply air heating).\\
+The entire heating energy consumption of this pool comprises the following three areas: pool water heating, hot water generation for showers, and supply air heating. Heating of the water in the pools required 123 kWh/(m²a) in total (treated floor area), heating the water for showers required 35 kWh/(m²a). 94 kWh/(m²a) were used for heating the building (supply air heating).
-Fig. 3 shows the electricity consumption values separately for each of the five main areas (annual total 156 kWh/(m²a)). Ventilation technology accounts for the biggest single electricity consumption by far (34 %), followed by the circulating pumps for pool water circulation (24 %). It was possible to further reduce the electricity consumption of the ventilation system by making changes to the operating conditions (see section on [[examples:non-residential_buildings:passive_house_swimming_pools#Ventilation Concept]]). The electricity use of the pumps of the pool technology increased noticeably from September onwards due to changes in the technology. The increase of "Other" consumers was caused by a number of changes.\\
+Fig. 3 shows the electricity consumption values separately for each of the five main areas (annual total 156 kWh/(m²a)). Ventilation technology accounts for the biggest single electricity consumption by far (34 %), followed by the circulating pumps for pool water circulation (24 %). It was possible to further reduce the electricity consumption of the ventilation system by making changes to the operating conditions (see section on [[examples:non-residential_buildings:passive_house_swimming_pools#Ventilation Concept]]). The electricity use of the pumps of the pool technology increased noticeably from September onwards due to changes in the technology. The increase of "Other" consumers was caused by a number of changes.
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-|{{:picopen:luenen_fig3.png?600|}}|\\
+[{{ :picopen:luenen_fig3.png?500|**Figure 3: Monthly specific electricity consumptions of the different sections in the indoor swimming pool (April 2012 to March 2013)**}}]
-|**//Figure 3: \\ Monthly specific electricity consumptions of the different sections in the indoor swimming \\ pool (April 2012 to March 2013)//**|\\
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+Power supply to the pool is ensured through electricity from the grid and solar electricity generated by a large PV system on the roof of the building (91 kWp), as well as two PV trackers installed on the compound (19.7 kWp). Temporary surplus power and the entire electricity generated by the PV trackers are fed into the public grid. Only 12 % of the electricity used by the indoor swimming pool is provided directly through solar power. 6.2 kWh/(m²a) of solar electricity was additionally fed into the grid (absolute equivalent: over 24 200 kWh). In this case, despite the high efficiency of the building, on an annual average the pool still has a significantly higher electricity consumption than generated by the on-site PV systems. This highlights the necessity for the development and use of efficient electric technology.
-Power supply to the pool is ensured through electricity from the grid and solar electricity generated by a large PV system on the roof of the building (91 kWp), as well as two PV trackers installed on the compound (19.7 kWp). Temporary surplus power and the entire electricity generated by the PV trackers are fed into the public grid. Only 12 % of the electricity used by the indoor swimming pool is provided directly through solar power. 6.2 kWh/(m²a) of solar electricity was additionally fed into the grid (absolute equivalent: over 24 200 kWh). In this case, despite the high efficiency of the building, on an annual average the pool still has a significantly higher electricity consumption than generated by the on-site PV systems. This highlights the necessity for the development and use of efficient electric technology.\\
 The following specific consumption values result if these overall annual consumption values for heating and electricity are applied to the pool area of 850 m²:\\
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 \\
 Comparison with other swimming pools is not easy because there very little reliable or suitable comparison data available. The references in available literature [[examples:non-residential_buildings:passive_house_swimming_pools#literature|[ages 2007], [DGfdB R 60.04], [Schlesiger 2001] and [VDI 2089-Blatt 2]]] concern not individual pools, but rather average values or completely different types of pools, therefore the fluctuation range of the stated energy consumptions is very large. Nevertheless, in order to allow initial classification of the Lippe pool, the data in these references was averaged and the fluctuation range (minimum and maximum values) was specified (Fig. 4).\\
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-[{{ :picopen:auswertung_luenen_literaturwerte_engl.png?600|Figure 4: Comparison of the measured consumption values for the Lippe pool’s overall heating and electricity use (final energy) with reference values from literature. The fluctuation range of the reference consumption is indicated by maximum and minimum values (error bars).}}]
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+[{{ :picopen:auswertung_luenen_literaturwerte_engl.png?500|Figure 4: Comparison of the measured consumption values for the Lippe pool’s overall heating and electricity use (final energy) with reference values from literature. The fluctuation range of the reference consumption is indicated by maximum and minimum values (error bars).}}]
-This initial orientation demonstrates clearly that even in the first year, the consumption values in Lünen were already considerably below the average values found in the literature references; the measured value for heating is almost 70 % below the reference average value, and more than 40 % in the case of electricity.\\
+This initial orientation demonstrates clearly that even in the first year, the consumption values in Lünen were already considerably below the average values found in the literature references; the measured value for heating is almost 70 % below the reference average value, and more than 40 % in the case of electricity.
+In addition to this, a large waste water treatment system installed in the Lippe pool which can process a maximum of 70 % of the filter backwash and feed it back into the pool water cycle, was not in operation during most of the monitoring period. These significant amounts of water (up to over 15.000 m³/a) that can be filtered would then no longer have to be supplemented with incoming cold water, which needs to be heated to pool temperature. It is intended to reconnect the water treatment system after technical adaptations. A further 50 to 60 kWh/(m²a), that is, approximately 20% of the heat consumption, is expected to be saved in this way.
-In addition to this, a large waste water treatment system installed in the Lippe pool which can process a maximum of 70 % of the filter backwash and feed it back into the pool water cycle, was not in operation during most of the monitoring period. These significant amounts of water (up to over 15.000 m³/a) that can be filtered would then no longer have to be supplemented with incoming cold water, which needs to be heated to pool temperature. It is intended to reconnect the water treatment system after technical adaptations. A further 50 to 60 kWh/(m²a), that is, approximately 20% of the heat consumption, is expected to be saved in this way. \\
+The first year of operation of the Lippe pool was characterised, as is typically the case for non-residential newbuilds, by adjustment to the complex building systems. The analysis of the measured data in this report makes it clear that there is further potential for optimisation during operation and even lower consumption values can be expected in future.
-The first year of operation of the Lippe pool was characterised, as is typically the case for non-residential newbuilds, by adjustment to the complex building systems. The analysis of the measured data in this report makes it clear that there is further potential for optimisation during operation and even lower consumption values can be expected in future. \\
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 ===== Ventilation concept =====
 A total of six ventilation units with heating coils in the supply air are located in the basement. Two different types of devices were used. Those for the pool areas are custom-built devices with two cross-flow heat exchangers and one counter-flow heat exchanger connected in series. One of these devices is equipped with a heat pump in order to extract and recover additional energy from the exhaust air (enthalpy recovery). On account of the high quality building envelope it is not necessary to have the dry supply air enter near the facade.\\
-The ventilation technology plays a key role for an energy-optimised indoor swimming pool. Full exploitation of the potential was not possible during the adjustment phase - despite the excellent results already obtained. The humidity in the pool areas can be increased further, and regulation of the devices has to be optimised even more. \\
+The ventilation technology plays a key role for an energy-optimised indoor swimming pool. Full exploitation of the potential was not possible during the adjustment phase - despite the excellent results already obtained. The humidity in the pool areas can be increased further, and regulation of the devices has to be optimised even more.
+[{{ :picopen:luenen_fig5.png?500|**Figure 5: Influence of changes in the humidity levels in the pool halls (left) or air volume flow (right) on the electricity or heat consumption of the ventilation units.**}}]
 The analysis also showed that the total circulating air volume flow of all devices in the indoor pool makes up about 70 % on average of the supply air, with only 30 % outdoor air flow. Only the latter is necessary for dehumidification and air renewal, whilst the circulating air volume flow is only needed to ensure that the air in the halls is sufficiently mixed and distributed. Lower air circulation volumes are viable and imply significant energy savings. This was demonstrated with experiments on air flow in the halls (fog experiments). The ultimate aim of the Passive House concept for indoor swimming pools is operation completely without recirculated air, since this means a considerable reduction in the electricity consumption of the ventilation units.\\
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 Various tests relating to the effect of higher humiditiy in the halls and low circulating air volume flow were carried out during the monitoring. The significant effects on the heating and electricity consumption observed in the baselinse research could thus also be confirmed in practice.\\
-Regulation of the ventilation units takes place based on the setpoint value for indoor air humidity; lower humidity levels require higher outdoor air changes for drying the air, which leads to higher heat consumption. In the course of operation, the set values for humidity levels in the halls were changed for various reasons. On 18.9.12, the humidity in three pool halls was decreased considerably (ca. - 15 percentage points or 4.4 g/kg), which resulted in a substantial increase in the heat consumption (the total for the three halls was ca. + 410 kWh/day). Before this date no supplementary heating via the heating coil was required in the pool area 1+2 since the heat pump of the unit had been sufficient for heating (Fig. 5). The lower humidiy caused in increase of the electricity consumption of the three ventilation units by almost 100 kWh/day. This clearly demonstrates the influence of humidity in the pool areas on the building’s energy consumption. \\
+Regulation of the ventilation units takes place based on the setpoint value for indoor air humidity; lower humidity levels require higher outdoor air changes for drying the air, which leads to higher heat consumption. In the course of operation, the set values for humidity levels in the halls were changed for various reasons. On 18.9.12, the humidity in three pool halls was decreased considerably (ca. - 15 percentage points or 4.4 g/kg), which resulted in a substantial increase in the heat consumption (the total for the three halls was ca. + 410 kWh/day). Before this date no supplementary heating via the heating coil was required in the pool area 1+2 since the heat pump of the unit had been sufficient for heating (Fig. 5). The lower humidiy caused in increase of the electricity consumption of the three ventilation units by almost 100 kWh/day. This clearly demonstrates the influence of humidity in the pool areas on the building’s energy consumption.
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-|{{:picopen:luenen_fig5.png?600|}}|\\
-|//**Figure 5:\\ Influence of changes in the humidity levels in the pool halls (left) or air volume flow (right) on the \\ electricity or heat consumption of the ventilation units.**//|\\
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+By means of a fog experiment for visualisation of the indoor air flow it was ascertained that no problems with "dead corners" or air flow through the hall occurred even with considerably decreased supply air volume flows (with identical humidity). For this reason, on 19.12.12 the air quantity was reduced (by 41 %) from the 14 500 m³/h in accordance with VDI 2089 to just 8 500 m³/h in the pool hall 1+2. The electricity consumption fell by around 74 kWh/day with this measure alone (Fig. 5, right). This corresponds to savings of 2200 kWh per month by means of this modification in just one pool hall. This measured data confirms the considerations in the earlier baseline research that by means of intelligent ventilation planning and the resulting reduction in the recirculation air, it is possible to achieve electricity savings without impairing the air quality.
-By means of a fog experiment for visualisation of the indoor air flow it was ascertained that no problems with "dead corners" or air flow through the hall occurred even with considerably decreased supply air volume flows (with identical humidity). For this reason, on 19.12.12 the air quantity was reduced (by 41 %) from the 14 500 m³/h in accordance with VDI 2089 to just 8 500 m³/h in the pool hall 1+2. The electricity consumption fell by around 74 kWh/day with this measure alone (Fig. 5, right). This corresponds to savings of 2200 kWh per month by means of this modification in just one pool hall. This measured data confirms the considerations in the earlier baseline research that by means of intelligent ventilation planning and the resulting reduction in the recirculation air, it is possible to achieve electricity savings without impairing the air quality. \\
 \\
 ===== Comparison of the measured data with projected energy consumption =====
+[{{ :picopen:luenen_fig6.png?500|**Figure 6: The calcualted final energy demand (coloured bars) of the updated energy balance under the measured boundary conditions of the winter of 2012/2013 in comparison with the measured data (grey bars) from the time period between April 2012 and March 2013.** \\ \\ More accurate correlation of the calculation with the measured data is not to be expected solely  on account of discontinuous operation and remaining uncertainties relating to some of the  assumptions. The magnitudes are correctly calculated.  (Note: these are specific values  referring to the treated floor area).}}]
+The possibility of reliably predicting the energy demand of a building during the planning stage is a basic prerequisite for achieving a high level of energy efficiency as this allows optimisation of individual components and of the overall building concept. The energy flows in an indoor swimming pool are extremely complex and difficult to comprehend on account of the many interactions and control systems. The multi-zone PHPP mentioned previously was developed for this reason. This tool was during the planning stage for the specific project requirements and is still being further developed.
-The possibility of reliably predicting the energy demand of a building during the planning stage is a basic prerequisite for achieving a high level of energy efficiency as this allows optimisation of individual components and of the overall building concept. The energy flows in an indoor swimming pool are extremely complex and difficult to comprehend on account of the many interactions and control systems. The multi-zone PHPP mentioned previously was developed for this reason. This tool was during the planning stage for the specific project requirements and is still being further developed. \\
+The present monitoring data was used to verify the assumptions, approaches and calculation methods used for the energy balance and to improve these further. Major adjustment of calculation assumptions was only necessary for the heating demand of the pool water. In this case the measured data were considerably lower than the predicted values. The main reason for this variation was the evaporation, which was deliberately estimated too high during the planning phase in order to be on the safe side. No reliable data was available for a plausible estimate. The measured data presented here confirms that in practice the average evaporation quantities are significantly lower during the usage times than those given in [VDI 2089] for dimensioning the ventilation units. (Note: the VDI design values are peak load values).
-The present monitoring data was used to verify the assumptions, approaches and calculation methods used for the energy balance and to improve these further. Major adjustment of calculation assumptions was only necessary for the heating demand of the pool water. In this case the measured data were considerably lower than the predicted values. The main reason for this variation was the evaporation, which was deliberately estimated too high during the planning phase in order to be on the safe side. No reliable data was available for a plausible estimate. The measured data presented here confirms that in practice the average evaporation quantities are significantly lower during the usage times than those given in [VDI 2089] for dimensioning the ventilation units. (Note: the VDI design values are peak load values). \\
+Apart from pool water heating, the other major applications (space heating, hot water generation and electricity) were already correctly represented in the energy balance during the planning phase. With adjusted boundary conditions, correlation of the measured data with the calculations is excellent (keeping in mind unavoidable uncertainties), which confirms the calculation approach in principle and provides a valid basis for energy balancing of subsequent projects. The entire energy balance of the evaluated first year of measurement is shown in Fig. 4 in a comparison with the updated energy balance calculation with adjusted parameters (corresponding with the measured data).
+Heating the required hot water accounts for the biggest share of the overall final energy consumption (pool water and hot water for other uses), followed by the total for the electrical applications. Some of the findings obtained so far from the data evaluation of the Lippe swimming pool and their effect on the energy balance calculation are described below.
-Apart from pool water heating, the other major applications (space heating, hot water generation and electricity) were already correctly represented in the energy balance during the planning phase. With adjusted boundary conditions, correlation of the measured data with the calculations is excellent (keeping in mind unavoidable uncertainties), which confirms the calculation approach in principle and provides a valid basis for energy balancing of subsequent projects. The entire energy balance of the evaluated first year of measurement is shown in Fig. 4 in a comparison with the updated energy balance calculation with adjusted parameters (corresponding with the measured data). \\
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-|{{:picopen:luenen_fig6.png?600|}}|\\
-|//**Figure 6:  \\ The calcualted final energy demand (coloured bars) of the updated energy balance under the \\ measured boundary conditions of the winter of 2012/2013 in comparison with the measured \\ data (grey bars) from the time period between April 2012 and March 2013.**\\
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-More accurate correlation of the calculation with the measured data is not to be expected solely \\ on account of discontinuous operation and remaining uncertainties relating to some of the \\ assumptions. The magnitudes are correctly calculated.  (Note: these are specific values \\ referring to the treated floor area).//|\\
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-Heating the required hot water accounts for the biggest share of the overall final energy consumption (pool water and hot water for other uses), followed by the total for the electrical applications. Some of the findings obtained so far from the data evaluation of the Lippe swimming pool and their effect on the energy balance calculation are described below. \\
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 ===== Energy balance for heating pool water  =====