examples:residential_buildings:multi-family_buildings:central_europe:the_world_s_first_passive_house_darmstadt-kranichstein_germany

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examples:residential_buildings:multi-family_buildings:central_europe:the_world_s_first_passive_house_darmstadt-kranichstein_germany [2018/06/22 10:10] cblagojevicexamples:residential_buildings:multi-family_buildings:central_europe:the_world_s_first_passive_house_darmstadt-kranichstein_germany [2024/02/08 10:41] (current) – [Conclusion] yaling.hsiao@passiv.de
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 ====== The world’s first Passive House, Darmstadt-Kranichstein, Germany ====== ====== The world’s first Passive House, Darmstadt-Kranichstein, Germany ======
  
-||{{:picopen:passivhaus_kranichstein_sued.jpg?450}}|\\ +|{{:picopen:passivhaus_kranichstein_sued.jpg?450}}| 
- +|//**Southern view of the Passive House in Darmstadt-Kranichstein.  \\ photograph: Wolfgang Feist.**//
-|//**Southern view of the Passive House in Darmstadt-Kranichstein.  \\ photograph: Wolfgang Feist.**//|\\ +|download an {{ :examples:residential_buildings:multi-family_buildings:central_europe:documentation_passivehouse_kranichstein_eng_2023f.pdf |illustrated documentation on the construction work of the Kranichstein Passive House.}}|\\
-\\+
 ===== From the low-energy house to the Passive House ===== ===== From the low-energy house to the Passive House =====
  
 {{:picopen:adamson_hastings_feist_teamwork1998.jpg?300 }} <- **Bo Adamson (left), Robert Hastings and Wolfgang Feist (author of this article) 1998 / 2nd International Passive House Conference in Düsseldorf**.\\ \\ In the mid-1980s the low-energy building was already a legally required energy standard for new buildings in Sweden and Denmark. Even at that time, the further development of the principles of low-energy housing was being considered, i.e. excellent insulation, prevention of thermal bridges, airtightness, insulated glazing and controlled ventilation. Based on these considerations, **the "Passive House" was launched in May 1988** by the author during a research period at the University of Lund/Sweden, together with the host, Professor Bo Adamson (specialising in building construction). Bo Adamson continued to further pursue this development with the author until his retirement. The photograph shows the two together with Robert Hastings, one of the pioneering American architects, during an evening event at the 2nd International Passive House Conference in 1998 in Duesseldorf.\\ {{:picopen:adamson_hastings_feist_teamwork1998.jpg?300 }} <- **Bo Adamson (left), Robert Hastings and Wolfgang Feist (author of this article) 1998 / 2nd International Passive House Conference in Düsseldorf**.\\ \\ In the mid-1980s the low-energy building was already a legally required energy standard for new buildings in Sweden and Denmark. Even at that time, the further development of the principles of low-energy housing was being considered, i.e. excellent insulation, prevention of thermal bridges, airtightness, insulated glazing and controlled ventilation. Based on these considerations, **the "Passive House" was launched in May 1988** by the author during a research period at the University of Lund/Sweden, together with the host, Professor Bo Adamson (specialising in building construction). Bo Adamson continued to further pursue this development with the author until his retirement. The photograph shows the two together with Robert Hastings, one of the pioneering American architects, during an evening event at the 2nd International Passive House Conference in 1998 in Duesseldorf.\\
 \\ \\
-**"Passive Houses" were defined as buildings which have an extremely small heating energy demand even in the Central European climate and therefore need no active heating. Such houses can be kept warm "passively", solely by using the existing internal heat sources and the solar energy entering through the windows as well as by the minimal heating of incoming fresh air.**\\+**"Passive Houses" were defined as buildings which have an extremely small heating energy demand even in the Central European climate and therefore need no active heating. Such houses can be kept warm "passively", solely by using the existing internal heat sources and the solar energy entering through the windows as well as by minimal heating of incoming fresh air((We show at another place that this is possible if the maxial heating load is kept below 1o W/m²(useful area) in a residential builidng)).**\\
 \\ \\
 ** The theoretical proof for the feasibility of such houses was provided in the thesis, "Passive Houses in Central Europe" through computerised simulations of the energy balance of buildings** [[examples:residential_buildings:multi-family_buildings:central_europe:selection_of_multi-family_passive_house_buildings_in_germany#Literature|[Feist 1993] ]]. In this paper, all the characteristics of building components which determine the energy consumption of buildings, were systematically varied and optimised in relation to efficiency, expense and living quality.  As an example, __**Fig. 1**__ shows the influence of window size and glazing quality.\\ ** The theoretical proof for the feasibility of such houses was provided in the thesis, "Passive Houses in Central Europe" through computerised simulations of the energy balance of buildings** [[examples:residential_buildings:multi-family_buildings:central_europe:selection_of_multi-family_passive_house_buildings_in_germany#Literature|[Feist 1993] ]]. In this paper, all the characteristics of building components which determine the energy consumption of buildings, were systematically varied and optimised in relation to efficiency, expense and living quality.  As an example, __**Fig. 1**__ shows the influence of window size and glazing quality.\\
 \\ \\
 |{{ :picopen:fenster_ph_groesse.png?500 }}| |{{ :picopen:fenster_ph_groesse.png?500 }}|
-|//**__Fig. 1 - Simulation results at the beginning:__ here is a calculation of the dependen-\\ ce of the heating demand on the size of the glazed south-facing window areas in\\ a Passive House with different glazing qualities (from [[examples:residential_buildings:multi-family_buildings:central_europe:selection_of_multi-family_passive_house_buildings_in_germany#Literature|[Feist 1993] ]]). It’s clear that\\ triple-pane low-e glazing is necessary for favourable energy balances in Central \\ Europe (see [[Planning:thermal_protection:windows:Types of glazing and their specific values]]  {{:picopen:members_only.png?20|}}) (bottom curve). Dr. Ortmanns,\\ with VEGLA in Aachen at that time, helped us to obtain this glazing for the first buil-\\ ding project, the Passive House in Darmstadt-Kranichstein. Since then, this type\\ of glazing has become commonly available on the market:\\ see [[Planning:thermal_protection:windows:Types of glazing and their specific values]]  {{:picopen:members_only.png?20|}}.**//|\\ +|//**__Fig. 1 - Simulation results from the first studies:__ here is a calculation of the dependen-\\ ce of the heating demand on the size of the glazed south-facing window areas in\\ a Passive House with different glazing qualities (from [[examples:residential_buildings:multi-family_buildings:central_europe:selection_of_multi-family_passive_house_buildings_in_germany#Literature|[Feist 1993] ]]). It’s clear that\\ triple-pane low-e glazing is necessary for favourable energy balances in Central \\ Europe (see [[Planning:thermal_protection:windows:Types of glazing and their specific values]]) (bottom curve). Dr. Ortmanns,\\ with VEGLA in Aachen at that time, helped us to obtain this glazing for the first buil-\\ ding project, the Passive House in Darmstadt-Kranichstein. Since then, this type\\ of glazing has become commonly available on the market:\\ see [[Planning:thermal_protection:windows:Types of glazing and their specific values]].\\ Note that with the selected window area (≈20 m²), triple glazing leads to a reduction\\ in the heating requirement of the entire apartment by a factor of 3 compared to\\ conventional options **//|\\ 
-\\+
 **It was quickly realised that energy optimisation for buildings should not be limited solely to heating energy; in fact, all household energy consumption had to be minimised.** Otherwise it would be possible to reduce the heating energy requirement to "zero" by using inefficient electrical devices, for example, which create high internal gains. How high the available internal heat gains really are, was disputed even back then – with the completed Passive House, carefully measured results finally became available, namely around 2 W/m² [[examples:residential_buildings:multi-family_buildings:central_europe:selection_of_multi-family_passive_house_buildings_in_germany#Literature|[AkkP 5] ]]. In spite of this, even after standardisation, calculations are still carried out using values that are far too optimistic((This is one of the reasons of the often "bemoaned" so called performance gap, which is in fact by no way a performance gap, but a difference which results from self-deception: For example by asuming unrealistic high internal heat gains.))  (over 5 W/m²).\\ **It was quickly realised that energy optimisation for buildings should not be limited solely to heating energy; in fact, all household energy consumption had to be minimised.** Otherwise it would be possible to reduce the heating energy requirement to "zero" by using inefficient electrical devices, for example, which create high internal gains. How high the available internal heat gains really are, was disputed even back then – with the completed Passive House, carefully measured results finally became available, namely around 2 W/m² [[examples:residential_buildings:multi-family_buildings:central_europe:selection_of_multi-family_passive_house_buildings_in_germany#Literature|[AkkP 5] ]]. In spite of this, even after standardisation, calculations are still carried out using values that are far too optimistic((This is one of the reasons of the often "bemoaned" so called performance gap, which is in fact by no way a performance gap, but a difference which results from self-deception: For example by asuming unrealistic high internal heat gains.))  (over 5 W/m²).\\
 \\ \\
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 The Research Group monitored **eight research projects**, the results of which were incorporated directly into the construction of the first Passive House at Kranichstein; among other things: The Research Group monitored **eight research projects**, the results of which were incorporated directly into the construction of the first Passive House at Kranichstein; among other things:
   * alternative architectural drafts were prepared,   * alternative architectural drafts were prepared,
 +
   * the efficiency of ventilation heat recovery units was improved,   * the efficiency of ventilation heat recovery units was improved,
 +
   * ventilation controls were developed based on air quality guidelines,   * ventilation controls were developed based on air quality guidelines,
 +
   * new specially insulated window frames and shutters were developed,   * new specially insulated window frames and shutters were developed,
 +
   * low thermal bridge construction details for the connection of building components were designed,   * low thermal bridge construction details for the connection of building components were designed,
 +
   * solar heating technologies and a concept for heat recovery from waste water were developed.\\   * solar heating technologies and a concept for heat recovery from waste water were developed.\\
 \\ \\
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 ===== The Passive House in Kranichstein ===== ===== The Passive House in Kranichstein =====
  
-The emphasis of these Passive House measures was on the **conservation of heat: thermal protection and heat recovery** are the decisive components. This still applies for subsequently built Passive Houses.+The emphasis of these Passive House measures was on the **conservation of heat: thermal protection and heat recovery** are the decisive components. This still applies for subsequently built Passive Houses and even for buildings in hot regions, there the goal is reducing the heat loads from the external environment.
  
 Besides these measures Besides these measures
   * solar collectors for the provision of domestic hot water    * solar collectors for the provision of domestic hot water 
 +
   * and a subsoil heat exchanger for preheating the fresh air were used.   * and a subsoil heat exchanger for preheating the fresh air were used.
  
-The house has extremely good thermal insulation, which has functioned outstandingly since the house was occupied in October 1991.\\+The house has a very good thermal insulation, which has functioned outstandingly since the house was occupied in October 1991. This was checked again 25 yrs later in a follow-up research-project. [[https://bit.ly/Durab_PH|[Feist 2020] ]]\\
 \\ \\
 \\ \\
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 |   **Exterior\\ wall**   | Fabric reinforced mineral render;\\ 275 mm of expanded polystyrene insulation (EPS) (installed in two layers at that time, 150+125 mm);\\ 175 mm sand-lime brick masonry;\\ 15 mm continuous interior gypsum plastering; wood-chip wallpaper, emulsion paint coating |{{:picopen:wdvs_daemmung_passivhaus_mit_logo.jpg?150}}|  0.14  | |   **Exterior\\ wall**   | Fabric reinforced mineral render;\\ 275 mm of expanded polystyrene insulation (EPS) (installed in two layers at that time, 150+125 mm);\\ 175 mm sand-lime brick masonry;\\ 15 mm continuous interior gypsum plastering; wood-chip wallpaper, emulsion paint coating |{{:picopen:wdvs_daemmung_passivhaus_mit_logo.jpg?150}}|  0.14  |
 |   **Basement\\ ceiling**   | Surface finish on fibreglass fabric;\\ 250 mm polystyrene insulation boards;\\ 160 mm concrete;\\ 40 mm polystyrene acoustic insulation;\\ 50 mm cement floor finish;\\ 8-15 mm of parquet, adhesive;\\ sealing solvent-free |{{:picopen:keller_daemmung_mit_logo.jpg?150}}|  0.13  | |   **Basement\\ ceiling**   | Surface finish on fibreglass fabric;\\ 250 mm polystyrene insulation boards;\\ 160 mm concrete;\\ 40 mm polystyrene acoustic insulation;\\ 50 mm cement floor finish;\\ 8-15 mm of parquet, adhesive;\\ sealing solvent-free |{{:picopen:keller_daemmung_mit_logo.jpg?150}}|  0.13  |
-|  **Windows** | Triple-pane low-e glazing with Krypton filling: U<sub>g</sub>-value 0.7 W/(m²K).\\ Wooden window with polyurethane foam insulated framework\\ (CO2-foamed, HCFC free, handcrafted)|{{:picopen:fenster_mit_logo.jpg?150}}|  0.7  |+|  **Windows**  | Triple-pane low-e glazing with Krypton filling: U<sub>g</sub>-value 0.7 W/(m²K).\\ Wooden window with polyurethane foam insulated framework\\ (CO2-foamed, HCFC free, handcrafted)|{{:picopen:fenster_mit_logo.jpg?150}}|  0.7  |
 |   **Heat\\ recovery\\ ventilation**   | Counterflow air-to-air heat exchanger;\\ Located in the cellar (approx.  9°C in the winter),\\ carefully sealed and thermally insulated,\\ the first one to use electronically commutated DC fans.|{{:picopen:waermetauscher_mit_logo.jpg?150}}|  heat recovery\\ rate approx. 80%  |\\ |   **Heat\\ recovery\\ ventilation**   | Counterflow air-to-air heat exchanger;\\ Located in the cellar (approx.  9°C in the winter),\\ carefully sealed and thermally insulated,\\ the first one to use electronically commutated DC fans.|{{:picopen:waermetauscher_mit_logo.jpg?150}}|  heat recovery\\ rate approx. 80%  |\\
 \\ \\
 A subsequent measurement of the airtightness in October 2001, for example, gave **a pressurisation test air change rate (n<sub>50</sub>-value) that was still less than 0.3 h<sup>-1</sup>** A subsequent measurement of the airtightness in October 2001, for example, gave **a pressurisation test air change rate (n<sub>50</sub>-value) that was still less than 0.3 h<sup>-1</sup>**
-[[examples:residential_buildings:multi-family_buildings:central_europe:selection_of_multi-family_passive_house_buildings_in_germany#Literature|[Peper 2005] ]].  Thermographic images show that the building components actually are free of thermal bridges.  Documentation of the construction with numerous site photos can be found in the Conference Proceedings of the first International Passive House Conference  +[[examples:residential_buildings:multi-family_buildings:central_europe:the_world_s_first_passive_house_darmstadt-kranichstein_germany#Literature|[Peper 2005] ]].  Thermographic images show that the building components actually are free of thermal bridges.  Documentation of the construction with numerous site photos can be found in the Conference Proceedings of the first International Passive House Conference  
-[[examples:residential_buildings:multi-family_buildings:central_europe:selection_of_multi-family_passive_house_buildings_in_germany#Literature|[PHTag 1996] ]].  A description with initial measured results was published in the paper "Passive House in Darmstadt-Kranichstein"  +[[examples:residential_buildings:multi-family_buildings:central_europe:the_world_s_first_passive_house_darmstadt-kranichstein_germany#Literature|[PHTag 1996] ]].  A description with initial measured results was published in the paper "Passive House in Darmstadt-Kranichstein"  
-[[examples:residential_buildings:multi-family_buildings:central_europe:selection_of_multi-family_passive_house_buildings_in_germany#Literature|[Feist 1997c] ]].+[[examples:residential_buildings:multi-family_buildings:central_europe:the_world_s_first_passive_house_darmstadt-kranichstein_germany#Literature|[Feist 1997c] ]].
  
   * The hot water is heated using solar vacuum flat collectors (5.3 m² per household or 1.4 m² per person).   * The hot water is heated using solar vacuum flat collectors (5.3 m² per household or 1.4 m² per person).
-  * Natural gas is used for secondary heating. The flat-collector thermal system covers about 66% of the dhw consumption in the Passive House in Darmstadt-Kranichstein.+ 
 +  * Natural gas is used for secondary heating. The flat-collector thermal system covers about 66% of the dhw consumption in the Passive House in Darmstadt-Kranichstein((a substitution by a heat pumps is easy to do - it is already planned to be done in 2024. The existing gas burner has done its work for more than 30 yrs and would have to be exchanged anyhow.)). 
   * Because the provision of domestic hot water represents the greatest energy requirement of this house, an efficient domestic hot water system is of great importance. The heat distribution and circulation pipes have therefore been placed inside the thermal envelope and are well insulated.\\   * Because the provision of domestic hot water represents the greatest energy requirement of this house, an efficient domestic hot water system is of great importance. The heat distribution and circulation pipes have therefore been placed inside the thermal envelope and are well insulated.\\
 \\ \\
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 Thus in Kranichstein a balanced supply air and exhaust air ventilation system with a highly efficient counterflow air-to-air heat exchanger was used - but it had to be specially adapted for this purpose because at the time, the fans used had a very high electricity consumption. Thus in Kranichstein a balanced supply air and exhaust air ventilation system with a highly efficient counterflow air-to-air heat exchanger was used - but it had to be specially adapted for this purpose because at the time, the fans used had a very high electricity consumption.
   * In this project, DC fans with electronic commutators were used for the first time (known as EC motors).   * In this project, DC fans with electronic commutators were used for the first time (known as EC motors).
 +
   * During operation, a heat recovery rate of over 80% was measured after optimisation of the flow geometry.\\   * During operation, a heat recovery rate of over 80% was measured after optimisation of the flow geometry.\\
 \\  \\
 This continuously operating comfort ventilation system provides a constant supply of fresh air to each accommodation unit. This continuously operating comfort ventilation system provides a constant supply of fresh air to each accommodation unit.
-  * At the lowest setting, 100 m³/h of fresh air is supplied to the living and sleeping areas in each unit. This means, that with a four person household, the specific quantity of fresh air would amount to 25 m³ per person per hour. The unit then operates constantly at this rate independent of the actual number of people in the building (for the best as shown by experiments with complex ventilation controls that were not worth it). Users can, however, manually change the setting if the choose.   +  * At the lowest setting, 100 m³/h of fresh air is supplied to the living and sleeping areas in each unit. This means, that with a four person household, the specific quantity of fresh air would amount to 25 m³ per person per hour. The unit then operates constantly at this rate independent of the actual number of people in the building (for the best as shown by experiments with complex ventilation controls that were not worth it). Users can, however, manually change the setting if they choose.   
 + 
   * At the highest setting, between 160 and 185 m³/h are supplied.   * At the highest setting, between 160 and 185 m³/h are supplied.
  
 Extract air is drawn away from the humid rooms like the kitchen and bathrooms in corresponding quantities. Such high-efficiency ventilation systems had not been available before the Passive House; it was only in 1997 that development by the Research Group for Cost-efficient Passive Houses was so far advanced that several manufacturers started to produce serial units of this quality for the market. Today these units typically display the following characteristics: Extract air is drawn away from the humid rooms like the kitchen and bathrooms in corresponding quantities. Such high-efficiency ventilation systems had not been available before the Passive House; it was only in 1997 that development by the Research Group for Cost-efficient Passive Houses was so far advanced that several manufacturers started to produce serial units of this quality for the market. Today these units typically display the following characteristics:
   * heat recovery efficiency of more than 80%,   * heat recovery efficiency of more than 80%,
 +
   * electricity consumption of less than 0.4 Wh/m³ transferred air - see the certified units at [[http://www.passiv.de]].   * electricity consumption of less than 0.4 Wh/m³ transferred air - see the certified units at [[http://www.passiv.de]].
  
-These ventilators in the Passive House functioned faultlessly for between 13 and 15 years, until they were replaced during the course of routine renovation work by newer products from the same manufacturer.\\ +These ventilators in the Passive House functioned faultlessly for between 13 and 15 years, until they were replaced during the course of routine renovation work by newer products from the same manufacturer.\\ \\ 
-\\+
 === Airtightness and air quality ===  === Airtightness and air quality === 
  
-The Passive House in Kranichstein was finished in October 1991 and has been inhabited by four families since then. The interior finish materials were selected to create as little indoor air pollution as possible. The insulating materials are airtightly separated from the interior by continuous interior plaster or vapour retarders without any gaps – as appropriate from a building physics perspective. The good air quality was confirmed by a separate investigation within the context of a social science study, which objectified user acceptance [[examples:residential_buildings:multi-family_buildings:central_europe:selection_of_multi-family_passive_house_buildings_in_germany#Literature|[Rohrmann 1994] ]].+The Passive House in Kranichstein was finished in October 1991 and has been inhabited by four families since then. The interior finish materials were selected to create as little indoor air pollution as possible. The insulating materials are airtightly separated from the interior by continuous interior plaster or vapour retarders without any gaps – as appropriate from a building physics perspective. The good air quality was confirmed by a separate investigation within the context of a social science study, which objectified user acceptance [[examples:residential_buildings:multi-family_buildings:central_europe:the_world_s_first_passive_house_darmstadt-kranichstein_germany#Literature|[Rohrmann 1994]]].
  
-Due to particularly well-insulating and airtight sliding shutters as temporary heat protection, it was even possible to operate one of the accommodation units as a "zero-heating-energy house" without any heating in the years 1994 to 1996 [[examples:residential_buildings:multi-family_buildings:central_europe:selection_of_multi-family_passive_house_buildings_in_germany|[Feist 1995] ]].((These shutters, however, as moving mechanical elements, have not been working flawlessly and would have needed a constant expensive maintainance to keep them closing tightly. This was one of the reasons, why the Passive House Institute does not recommend to go a further stepp towards "zero heating energy buildings" as a generally used solution - but recommends the well-approved Passive House standard.)) \\+Due to particularly well-insulating and airtight sliding shutters as temporary heat protection, it was even possible to operate one of the accommodation units as a "zero-heating-energy house" without any heating in the years 1994 to 1996 [[examples:residential_buildings:multi-family_buildings:central_europe:the_world_s_first_passive_house_darmstadt-kranichstein_germany#literature|[Feist 1995] ]].((These shutters, however, as moving mechanical elements, have not been working flawlessly and would have needed a constant expensive maintainance to keep them closing tightly. This was one of the reasons, why the Passive House Institute does not recommend to go a further stepp towards "zero heating energy buildings" as a generally used solution - but recommends the well-approved Passive House standard.)) \\
 \\ \\
 |{{ :picopen:passive_house_da_section.png?500 }}| |{{ :picopen:passive_house_da_section.png?500 }}|
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 ==== Efficient Use of Electricity in the Passive House in Darmstadt ==== ==== Efficient Use of Electricity in the Passive House in Darmstadt ====
  
-The measurements in the Passive House in Darmstadt-Kranichstein have confirmed that the electrical consumption for household appliances can be reduced to one third of its current average value with presently available technology. The additional gas consumption for applications which require heating energy amounts to less than 15% [[examples:residential_buildings:multi-family_buildings:central_europe:selection_of_multi-family_passive_house_buildings_in_germany#Literature|[Ebel/Feist 1997] ]].  These savings which were due to efficient technology alone have also remained consistent throughout the years.\\+The measurements in the Passive House in Darmstadt-Kranichstein have confirmed that the electrical consumption for household appliances can be reduced to one third of its current average value with presently available technology. The additional gas consumption for applications which require heating energy amounts to less than 15% [[examples:residential_buildings:multi-family_buildings:central_europe:the_world_s_first_passive_house_darmstadt-kranichstein_germany#Literature|[Ebel/Feist 1997] ]].  These savings which were due to efficient technology alone have also remained consistent throughout the years.\\
 \\ \\
  
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 For the first Passive House in Darmstadt-Kranichstein we did not yet dare to omit the radiators.  However, this and following projects proved that the **maximum heating loads occurring in the Passive House during the winter were less than 10 W/m² of floor area**, so that the remaining heating could be easily supplied via the supply air system and there was no need for a separate heat distribution system any longer. For the first Passive House in Darmstadt-Kranichstein we did not yet dare to omit the radiators.  However, this and following projects proved that the **maximum heating loads occurring in the Passive House during the winter were less than 10 W/m² of floor area**, so that the remaining heating could be easily supplied via the supply air system and there was no need for a separate heat distribution system any longer.
  
-These results correspond with the simulation but not with the current standard calculation procedures.  This prompted us to systematically revise the heating load calculation during a research project [[examples:residential_buildings:multi-family_buildings:central_europe:selection_of_multi-family_passive_house_buildings_in_germany#Literature|[Bisanz 1999] ]].  The resulting, very simple procedure is now available as the Passive House Planning Package [[examples:residential_buildings:multi-family_buildings:central_europe:selection_of_multi-family_passive_house_buildings_in_germany#Literature|[PHPP] ]] for designers, and proved itself also in subsequent calculations using this tool for the Passive House in Darmstadt-Kranichstein. __**Fig. 2 and Fig. 3**__ show the comparison between the heating energy balance calculated in PHPP for a conventional building which barely meets the requirements of the EnEV valid since 2002, and the Passive House in Darmstadt-Kranichstein.  In each case, an end-of-row house was used for calculations. The result for the house actually built is **10.5 kWh/(m²a)** which is very near to the average measured value.\\+These results correspond with the simulation but not with the current standard calculation procedures.  This prompted us to systematically revise the heating load calculation during a research project [[ :phi_publications:pb_13:recommendations_for_dimensioning_the_heating_load_in_passive_houses|[Bisanz 1999] ]].  The resulting, very simple procedure is now available as the Passive House Planning Package [[Planning:calculating energy efficiency:PHPP the Passive House Planning Package|[PHPP] ]] for designers, and proved itself also in subsequent calculations using this tool for the Passive House in Darmstadt-Kranichstein. __**Fig. 2 and Fig. 3**__ show the comparison between the heating energy balance calculated in PHPP for a conventional building which barely meets the requirements of the EnEV valid since 2002, and the Passive House in Darmstadt-Kranichstein.  In each case, an end-of-row house was used for calculations. The result for the house actually built is **10.5 kWh/(m²a)** which is very near to the average measured value.\\
 \\  \\
 |{{ :picopen:phpp_endhaus_enev_k_mit_logo.png }}|{{ :picopen:phpp_endhaus_100_k_mit_logo.png }}| |{{ :picopen:phpp_endhaus_enev_k_mit_logo.png }}|{{ :picopen:phpp_endhaus_100_k_mit_logo.png }}|
-|//**__Fig. 2:__ This is how an end-of-terrace house would be built\\ today, based on the German national regulations (EnEV).\\ However, the balance was calculated using the PHPP.\\ The heating consumption was 58 kWh/(m²a).\\ \\ **//|//**__Fig. 3:__ This balance was subsequently calculated for the\\ Passive House already built in 1991 in Darmstadt-Kranich-\\ stein using the PHPP (end-of-row house). The result was\\ 10.5 kWh/(m²a), a value that is very close to the actual\\ consumption value.**//|\\+|//**__Fig. 2:__ This is how an end-of-terrace house would be built today, based on the German national regulations (EnEV) (Unfortunately still true in 2023). However, the balance was calculated using the PHPP. The heating demand will be 58 kWh/(m²a).\\ \\ **//|//**__Fig. 3:__ This balance was subsequently calculated for the Passive House already built in 1991 in Darmstadt-Kranichstein using the PHPP (end-of-row house). The result is 10.5 kWh/(m²a), a value that is very close to the actual consumption value.**//|\\
 \\ \\
  
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 \\ \\
 |{{ :picopen:mess_heizkurve_leistung_passivhaus.png?500 }}| |{{ :picopen:mess_heizkurve_leistung_passivhaus.png?500 }}|
-|//**__Fig. 5:__ Measured results for the heating output in the Passive House in Darmstadt\\ Kranichstein; this did not exceed 7.4 W/m² at any time, even during the extremely\\ cold winter of 1996/1997 (see also [[examples:residential_buildings:multi-family_buildings:central_europe:selection_of_multi-family_passive_house_buildings_in_germany#Literature|[Feist 1997b] ]]).**//|\\+|//**__Fig. 5:__ Measured results for the heating output in the Passive House in Darmstadt\\ Kranichstein; this did not exceed 7.4 W/m² at any time, even during the extremely\\ cold winter of 1996/1997 (see also [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343675507_Der_Hartetest_Passivhauser_im_strengen_Winter_199697|endurance test]] [Feist 1997b]).\\ 
 +This monitoring result can tell us a lot about the thermal \\ performance of buildings. In an animated version of fig. 5 \\ we show some of them in an [[examples:residential_buildings:multi-family_buildings:central_europe:the_world_s_first_passive_house_darmstadt-kranichstein_germany#Addition|addition]]. 
 +**//|\\
 \\ \\
  
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   * **19.8 kWh/(m²a)** in 1991/92, the first year of operation, which was only **8%** of the consumption in comparable ordinary homes,   * **19.8 kWh/(m²a)** in 1991/92, the first year of operation, which was only **8%** of the consumption in comparable ordinary homes,
 +
   * **11.8 kWh/(m²a)** in 1992/93, the second year of operation, this was only **5.5%** of the consumption in comparable homes   * **11.8 kWh/(m²a)** in 1992/93, the second year of operation, this was only **5.5%** of the consumption in comparable homes
 +
   * less than **10 kWh/(m²a)** on average in the following years \\   * less than **10 kWh/(m²a)** on average in the following years \\
 \\ \\
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 But progress is not just based on quantity. Because of the **ever-increasing numbers of Passive-House-suitable components available on the market**, the quality is getting better while at the same time prices are falling. The **variety of buildings that have been realised **is also increasing: it has now become clear that the Passive House is a building standard and not a special building method. Passive Houses have been built as But progress is not just based on quantity. Because of the **ever-increasing numbers of Passive-House-suitable components available on the market**, the quality is getting better while at the same time prices are falling. The **variety of buildings that have been realised **is also increasing: it has now become clear that the Passive House is a building standard and not a special building method. Passive Houses have been built as
   * free-standing single-family homes,   * free-standing single-family homes,
 +
   * as terraced houses   * as terraced houses
 +
   * and as multi-storey buildings.   * and as multi-storey buildings.
  
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 |//**The sun provides considerable heat (thermographic image of the interior,\\ with radiation from the sun). COMFORT is paramount in the Passive House.\\ (IR image: Feist)**//|\\ |//**The sun provides considerable heat (thermographic image of the interior,\\ with radiation from the sun). COMFORT is paramount in the Passive House.\\ (IR image: Feist)**//|\\
 \\ \\
-**In the case of the Passive House, higher efficiency leads to even more comfort.** "Saving energy" has lost its stigma of being for ascetics only. It is possible to achieve the environmental protection objectives by increasing prosperity and not by abstaining from comfort. In this day and age, this is the only opportunity for putting improvements into practice. This also applies to other areas of energy use, e.g. in transportation. Improved efficiency without sacrificing travelling comfort: in the [[http://www.loremo.com/|"Loremo"]] project, a marketable solution is being developed using this approach.\\+**In the case of the Passive House, higher efficiency leads to even more comfort.** "Saving energy" has lost its stigma of being for ascetics only. It is possible to achieve the environmental protection objectives by increasing prosperity and not by abstaining from comfort. In this day and age, this is the only opportunity for putting improvements into practice. This also applies to other areas of energy use, e.g. in transportation. Improved efficiency without sacrificing travelling comfort can be achieved with electric vehicles e.g.. 
 +((In the [[http://www.loremo.com/|"Loremo"]] project, a marketable solution has been tried to develope using this approach. This had not been successful - it didn't have the support needed for such an ambitious task.)) \\
 \\ \\
 ===== Conclusion ===== ===== Conclusion =====
  
-It is pleasing that many architects, planners, product developers and property developers have applied the Passive House concept - it's made the path all around planet Earth, there are examples of Passive Houses on each continent (2015). If we can continue together to accelerate its implementation and apply our experiences for the refurbishment of existing buildings as well (what has been done using [[ Certification EnerPHit|EnerPHit-standard]]), then we will be able to master the task of climate protection and contribute to a fairer distribution of energy globally, as well as increase value creation in regions and thus create additional employment opportunities – and most importantly – enabling people to live a comfortable and worthwhile life in prosperity, today and in the future. Sustainable growth is possible with the Passive House - as Mark Zimmermann outlined in detail at the 9th Passive House Conference in 2005 in Ludwigshafen ([[examples:residential_buildings:multi-family_buildings:central_europe:selection_of_multi-family_passive_house_buildings_in_germany#Literature|[Zimmermann 2005] ]]).\\+It is pleasing that many architects, planners, product developers and property developers have applied the Passive House concept - it's made the path all around planet Earth, there are examples of Passive Houses on each continent (2015). If we can continue together to accelerate its implementation and apply our experiences for the refurbishment of existing buildings as well (what has been done using [[:certification:enerphit|EnerPHit-standard]]), then we will be able to master the task of climate protection and contribute to a fairer distribution of energy globally, as well as increase value creation in regions and thus create additional employment opportunities – and most importantly – enabling people to live a comfortable and worthwhile life in prosperity, today and in the future. Sustainable growth is possible with the Passive House - as Mark Zimmermann outlined in detail at the 9th Passive House Conference in 2005 in Ludwigshafen ([[.:selection_of_multi-family_passive_house_buildings_in_germany#literature|[Zimmermann 2005] ]]).\\
 \\ \\
-|{{ :picopen:balance_passive_house_kran_compared_to_calculation.png?500 }}| +|{{  :picopen:balance_kran_meas_calc_phpp2.png?direct&  }}| 
-|//**Comparison of measured energy consumption (left) with the energy balance\\ calculated by the Passive House Planning Package (PHPP) for the Passive House\\ in Darmstadt-Kranichstein. For the PHPP, see: [[Planning:calculating energy efficiency:PHPP the Passive House Planning Package|PHPP-Balances]].**//|\\+ 
 +|//**Comparison of measured energy consumption (left) with the energy balance \\ calculated by the Passive House Planning Package (PHPP) for the Passive House \\ in Darmstadt-Kranichstein. For the PHPP, see: [[:planning:calculating_energy_efficiency:phpp_-_the_passive_house_planning_package|PHPP-Balances]].** // | 
 \\ \\
-Scientists, architects, engineers and other contributors from various disciplines played a part in making the Passive House in Darmstadt-Kranichstein successThe author would like to express thanks to all those involvedThe preparation of the experimental construction was based on the results of many [[basics:the_passive_house_-_historical_review|forerunner]] projects and on findings from building physics, building engineering and systematic computer-assisted systems analysis.\\+After 25 yrs of living in the first passive house, the durability of each of the components crucial for the achievements have been checked in a research projectE.g., the U-values of the window glazing have been measured, probes from the roof and the external wall have been taken and analyzed in the laboratory and the thermal envelope was imaged again. All components turned out to be in conditions like new there was no hint that any of the solutions chosen would not be able to last another 25 yrs [Feist 2020].\\
 \\ \\
 +Scientists, architects, engineers and other contributors from various disciplines played a part in making the Passive House in Darmstadt-Kranichstein a success. The author would like to express thanks to all those involved. The preparation of the experimental construction was based on the results of many [[:basics:the_passive_house_-_historical_review|forerunner]] projects and on findings from building physics, building engineering and systematic computer-assisted systems analysis.\\
 +**[[.:the_world_s_first_passive_house_darmstadt-kranichstein_germany:december_1_2022|Heating the Passive House in Darmstadt Kranichstein efficiently during the winter of 2022/23 ]]**
 +
  
 ===== Literature ===== ===== Literature =====
Line 192: Line 212:
 **[AkkP 5]** Energiebilanz und Temperaturverhalten; Protokollband Nr. 5 des Arbeitskreises kostengünstige Passivhäuser, 1. Auflage, Passivhaus Institut, Darmstadt-1997\\ **[AkkP 5]** Energiebilanz und Temperaturverhalten; Protokollband Nr. 5 des Arbeitskreises kostengünstige Passivhäuser, 1. Auflage, Passivhaus Institut, Darmstadt-1997\\
 (**Energy balance and temperature characteristics**, Protocol Volume No. 5 of the Research Group for Cost-efficient Passive Houses, 1st Edition, Passive House Institute, Darmstadt-1997) (**Energy balance and temperature characteristics**, Protocol Volume No. 5 of the Research Group for Cost-efficient Passive Houses, 1st Edition, Passive House Institute, Darmstadt-1997)
-({{:picopen:faxb.pdf|PHI's list of publications}})\\+[[https://shop.passivehouse.com/en/products/05-energiebilanz-und-temperaturverhalten-24/|Link to PHI Publication]]\\
 \\ \\
 **[AkkP 13]** Energiebilanzen mit dem Passivhaus Projektierungs Paket; Protokollband Nr. 13 des Arbeitskreises kostengünstige Passivhäuser, 1.  Auflage, Passivhaus Institut, Darmstadt-1998\\  **[AkkP 13]** Energiebilanzen mit dem Passivhaus Projektierungs Paket; Protokollband Nr. 13 des Arbeitskreises kostengünstige Passivhäuser, 1.  Auflage, Passivhaus Institut, Darmstadt-1998\\ 
 (**Energy Balances with the Passive House Planning Package**; Protocol Volume No. 13 of the Research Group for Cost-efficient Passive Houses, 1st Edition, Passive House Institute, Darmstadt-1998) (**Energy Balances with the Passive House Planning Package**; Protocol Volume No. 13 of the Research Group for Cost-efficient Passive Houses, 1st Edition, Passive House Institute, Darmstadt-1998)
-({{:picopen:faxb.pdf|PHI's list of publications}})\\+[[https://shop.passivehouse.com/en/products/13-energiebilanzen-mit-dem-passivhaus-projektierungs-paket-31/Link to PHI Publication]]\\
 \\ \\
 **[Bisanz 1999]** Bisanz, C.: Heizlastauslegung im Niedrigenergie- und Passivhaus; Passivhaus Institut; Fachinformation PHI-1999/2; Eigenverlag; Darmstadt-1999.\\ **[Bisanz 1999]** Bisanz, C.: Heizlastauslegung im Niedrigenergie- und Passivhaus; Passivhaus Institut; Fachinformation PHI-1999/2; Eigenverlag; Darmstadt-1999.\\
 (**Dimensioning the heating load in Low-energy and Passive Houses**; Passive House Institute; Technical Information PHI 1999/2; Darmstadt-1999) (**Dimensioning the heating load in Low-energy and Passive Houses**; Passive House Institute; Technical Information PHI 1999/2; Darmstadt-1999)
-({{:picopen:faxb.pdf|PHI's list of publications}})\\+[[https://shop.passivehouse.com/en/products/heizlastauslegung-im-niedrigenergie-und-passivhaus-83/|Link to PHI Publication]]\\
 \\ \\
 **[Ebel/Feist 1997]** Witta Ebel und Wolfgang Feist: "Ergebnisse zum Stromverbrauch im Passivhaus Darmstadt-Kranichstein" in "Stromsparen im Passivhaus"; Protokollband Nr. 7 zum Arbeitskreis Kostengünstige Passivhäuser; PHI; Darmstadt, 1997.\\ **[Ebel/Feist 1997]** Witta Ebel und Wolfgang Feist: "Ergebnisse zum Stromverbrauch im Passivhaus Darmstadt-Kranichstein" in "Stromsparen im Passivhaus"; Protokollband Nr. 7 zum Arbeitskreis Kostengünstige Passivhäuser; PHI; Darmstadt, 1997.\\
Line 221: Line 241:
 \\ \\
 **[Feist 1997b]** Wolfgang Feist: "Der Härtetest: Passivhäuser im strengen Winter 1996/97"; GRE-Inform, 12/1997.\\ **[Feist 1997b]** Wolfgang Feist: "Der Härtetest: Passivhäuser im strengen Winter 1996/97"; GRE-Inform, 12/1997.\\
-(**"The Endurance Test: Passive Houses in the harsh winter of 1996/97"**; GRE-Inform, 12/1997)\\+(**"The Endurance Test: Passive Houses in the harsh winter of 1996/97"**; GRE-Inform, 12/1997) (available online: 
 +[[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343675507_Der_Hartetest_Passivhauser_im_strengen_Winter_199697|Endurance test Passive House]])\\
 \\ \\
 **[Feist 1997c]** Wolfgang Feist: "Passivhaus Darmstadt-Kranichstein - Planung, Bau, Ergebnisse", Fachinformation PHI 1997/4, 1. Auflage, 16 Seiten.\\ **[Feist 1997c]** Wolfgang Feist: "Passivhaus Darmstadt-Kranichstein - Planung, Bau, Ergebnisse", Fachinformation PHI 1997/4, 1. Auflage, 16 Seiten.\\
 (Also available in English: **"The Passive House in Darmstadt-Kranichstein - Planning, Construction, Results"**; Technical Information PHI 1997/4, 1st edition, 16 pages) (Also available in English: **"The Passive House in Darmstadt-Kranichstein - Planning, Construction, Results"**; Technical Information PHI 1997/4, 1st edition, 16 pages)
-({{:picopen:faxb.pdf|PHI's list of publications}})\\+[[https://shop.passivehouse.com/en/products/passivhaus-darmstadt-kranichstein-planung-bau-ergebnisse-74/|Link to PHI Publication]]\\
 \\ \\
 **[Feist 2000]** Wolfgang Feist: "Erfahrungen objektiv: Messergebnisse aus bewohnten Passivhäusern"; in: Tagungsband zur 4. Passivhaus Tagung. Passivhaus Dienstleistung GmbH, 1. Auflage, Darmstadt-2000\\ **[Feist 2000]** Wolfgang Feist: "Erfahrungen objektiv: Messergebnisse aus bewohnten Passivhäusern"; in: Tagungsband zur 4. Passivhaus Tagung. Passivhaus Dienstleistung GmbH, 1. Auflage, Darmstadt-2000\\
 (**"Objective experiences: Measured results from inhabited Passive Houses"**; in the Conference Proceedings of the 4th Passive House Conference; Passive House Services GmbH, 1st edition, Darmstadt-2000)\\ (**"Objective experiences: Measured results from inhabited Passive Houses"**; in the Conference Proceedings of the 4th Passive House Conference; Passive House Services GmbH, 1st edition, Darmstadt-2000)\\
 +\\
 +**[Feist 2020]** Wolfgang Feist; Rainer Pfluger; Wolfgang Hasper: **"Durability of building fabric components and ventilation systems in passive houses"** Energy Efficiency 13(3) Dec. 2020 
 +DOI: 10.1007/s12053-019-09781-3; (direct link to full-text-prublikation: [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331634511_Durability_of_building_fabric_components_and_ventilation_systems_in_passive_houses|Durability Passive House]])\\
 \\ \\
 **[Lovins 1977]** Amory Lovins, **"Soft Energy Paths: Toward a Durable Peace"**; Harmonsworth 1977\\ **[Lovins 1977]** Amory Lovins, **"Soft Energy Paths: Toward a Durable Peace"**; Harmonsworth 1977\\
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 \\ \\
 **[PHTag 1996]** Tagungsband der 1. Passivhaustagung, 1. Auflage, Passivhaus Institut, Darmstadt-1996\\ **[PHTag 1996]** Tagungsband der 1. Passivhaustagung, 1. Auflage, Passivhaus Institut, Darmstadt-1996\\
-(**"Conference Proceedings of the 4th Passive House Conference"**; 1st edition, Passive House Institute, Darmstadt-1996) +(**"Conference Proceedings of the 4th Passive House Conference"**; 1st edition, Passive House Institute, Darmstadt-1996); download: {{ :examples:residential_buildings:multi-family_buildings:central_europe:documentation_passivehouse_kranichstein_eng_2023f.pdf |Illustrated documentation on the construction work of the Kranichstein Passive House.}}\\
-({{:picopen:faxb.pdf|PHI's list of publications}})\\+
 \\ \\
 **[Peper 2005]** Peper, Sören; Kah, Oliver; Feist, Wolfgang: Zur Dauerhaftigkeit von Luftdichtheitskonzepten bei Passivhäusern - Feldmessungen.  Forschungsvorhaben im Rahmen der nationalen Beteiligung an der Arbeitsgruppe 28 'Sustainable Solar Housing' der Internationalen Energie Agentur IEA, 1. Auflage, Passivhaus Institut, Darmstadt-2005\\ **[Peper 2005]** Peper, Sören; Kah, Oliver; Feist, Wolfgang: Zur Dauerhaftigkeit von Luftdichtheitskonzepten bei Passivhäusern - Feldmessungen.  Forschungsvorhaben im Rahmen der nationalen Beteiligung an der Arbeitsgruppe 28 'Sustainable Solar Housing' der Internationalen Energie Agentur IEA, 1. Auflage, Passivhaus Institut, Darmstadt-2005\\
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 (**"The Passive House and the 2000-Watt-Society – what are the challenges of a sustainable development?"** in the Conference Volume of the 9th International Passive House Conference, Ludwigshafen, PHI, Darmstadt-2005)\\ (**"The Passive House and the 2000-Watt-Society – what are the challenges of a sustainable development?"** in the Conference Volume of the 9th International Passive House Conference, Ludwigshafen, PHI, Darmstadt-2005)\\
 \\ \\
 +
 +===== Addition ===== 
 +
 +The monitoring results illustrate some of the scientific findings about the thermal performance of buildings. For example, we can "see" the amount of passive solar energy utilized. In addition we can see what the reason for the well known "bending of the heating curve" is: It's in fact mainly the free heat delivered by passive solar gains. There is a correlation between daily solar gains and very low temperatures - both are in winter caused by clear skys. The theoretical background for these effects have been well known form thermal building simulation - and the simplified model to take care of this was developed in the master thesis [Bisanz 1999] and implemented in [PHPP].
 +
 +{{ :picopen:heating_load_animation_expl.gif?direct |}}
 +
 +Another result from this analysis: The true heating line (the one depicting the total heat losses of the building monitored) can NOT be derived from a correlation analysis of the measured heating loads and the temperature difference (indoor minus outdoor). Such a correlation would mix up the passive solar gain influence with the heat loss influence. Instead, the correct line can be optained by finding the tangent from above to the value cloud. You might have to eliminate outliers first. This tangent has a far higher slope than the line you would get from the linear correlation coefficient. There was often wild speculation in some scientific papers why the "empirical heat loss coefficient" optained from monitored data by correlation analysis was sometimes significantly lower than the calculated value. Well, normally it is not - it's just that the correlation gives you a systematically underestimated value for the slope in this case.
 +
 +
  
examples/residential_buildings/multi-family_buildings/central_europe/the_world_s_first_passive_house_darmstadt-kranichstein_germany.1529655009.txt.gz · Last modified: 2018/06/22 10:10 by cblagojevic