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--- planning:calculating_energy_efficiency:phpp_-_the_passive_house_planning_package:internal_heat_gains_in_relation_to_living_area [2015/09/01 12:42] – [8Hot water] correct Psi wfeist
+++ planning:calculating_energy_efficiency:phpp_-_the_passive_house_planning_package:internal_heat_gains_in_relation_to_living_area [2022/04/26 21:52] (current) – [5Auxiliary electricity] jschnieders
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 The average occupancy of a dwelling depends on the size of the dwelling. For Germany, data from [Zensus 2011] is available regarding this, from which the average value for the number of persons per dwelling unit (more exactly: the number of persons who inhabit this dwelling; temporary absence will be taken into account later on) can be calculated as a function of the dwelling size. An excellent fit of this data is achieved with a function of the form
-\\ \\
+$$
-\begin{eqnarray*}
+n=1+a(1-e^{-b(A-c)^2})+d\cdot A
-& &  n=1+a(1-e^{-b(A-c)}^{2})+dA\;
+$$
-\end{eqnarray*}
 where\\
 **n**: number of persons per DU \\
@@ Line 57: / Line 56: @@
 Of the household appliances in the list below, one appliance was assumed for each dwelling unit. The best appliances available on the market in terms of energy efficiency were chosen based on [Spargeräte 2014] and [Ecotopten 2014]. In the cases indicated with a *, the stated consumption was multiplied by 1.5 in order to compensate for standby losses and potential optimisation of the appliances to the test cycle (testing in the eco-programme, normal operation with the automatic programme, etc.).
   * Dishwasher with cold water connection, A+++, 0.69* kWh per rinse cycle
   * Washing machine with cold water connection, A+++, 0.66* kWh per wash cycle
   * Heat pump dryer, 1.0 kWh per use with 7 kg
-  * Fridge-freezer, A+++, table-top (120 l) and standalone (280 l) identical consumption, 150 kWh/a
+  * Fridge-freezer, A+++, table-top (120 l) and standalone (280 l) identical consumption, 150 kWh/a
   * Induction cooker, 0.2 kWh per use
 \\
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 Thus the following heat gains will arise per person:
   * Lighting using 100% energy saving lamps (fluorescent lamps as well as LED lamps are possible; older measurements still include a large proportion of incandescent lamps)
   * Electronics etc. 250 W during 550 hours per person per year
   * Small devices 50 kWh per person per year (specified value in the PHPP as before)
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 Auxiliary electricity consumptions depend strongly on the systems used. For the standard case, underfloor heating (optimised for electrical supply with an efficient heat pump, may also allow simple daytime storage of renewable energy) in combination with an optimised hot water circulating system (hot water storage tank for reducing the load on the grid, 60 °C) is assumed. This results in the following sources of released heat from auxiliary electricity uses:
-  * Unordered List ItemHeating circulating pump, in a Passive House building 10 W/100 m² are sufficient in case of hydraulic balancing even with low temperature differences. It is assumed that a controllable pump is used.
+  * Heating circulating pump, in a Passive House building 10 W/100 m² are sufficient in case of hydraulic balancing even with low temperature differences. It is assumed that a controllable pump is used.
   * Hot water circulation 5 W per dwelling unit, operating time 24 h/d
   * Hot water storage tank charging pump 1 W per person, operating time 24 h/d (the heat pump operates continuously, but the waste heat from the storage tank charging pump mostly benefits the hot water)
   * Primary pumps and fans of the heat pump are not accounted as IHG, as waste heat from these is released into the outdoor air.
   * A solar thermal system is not considered
   * The electricity consumption of the ventilation system is already taken into account in the heat recovery efficiency, so counting this again as IHG would not be correct.
 \\
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 A reference hot water system which is suitable for an apartment block is assumed (see also Section 6). Smaller storage tanks are usually present in small buildings, this means higher storage losses per person, but in return hot water circulation is often not necessary here. These effects compensate each other approximately, therefore a separate investigation will not be carried out for small single-family houses.
 ===8.1	Circulation===
-Circulation pipes lead into each apartment, and further distribution within the apartment itself takes place via branch lines. One metre of circulating pipe per 10 m² of living space should suffice if the taps are favourably positioned (including return flow). The linear heat loss coefficient (Psi) is 0.14 W/(mK), this can be easily achieved if executed well (insulation 2 diameters, insulated fittings and clamps) and makes good economic sense.
+Circulation pipes lead into each apartment, and further distribution within the apartment itself takes place via branch lines. One metre of circulating pipe per 10 m² of living space should suffice if the taps are favourably positioned (including return flow). The linear heat loss coefficient Ψ is 0.14 W/(mK), this can be easily achieved if executed well (insulation 2 diameters, insulated fittings and clamps) and makes good economic sense.
 ===8.2	Branch lines===
 The branch lines in each apartment are 20 m long and have a pipe diameter (external) of 16 mm. They contain 2 l water; the requirements for protection against legionella are met. As is standard in the PHPP, 3 tap drawings per person per day are assumed for each tap.
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 \end{eqnarray*}
-It is slightly flatter than the IHG calculated in accordance with the model described above (orange coloured line in Figure 6). IHG that are higher than the standard PHPP value of 4.1 W/m² for homes, as would result for dwelling units with a living area of less than 20 m², are not taken into account. Whether the assumptions made for such small dwellings are still correct requires more closer examination (Are all the usual household appliances present and are they within the thermal envelope? Is the presence of occupants similar to that in larger dwelling units? Does calculation of the hot water losses still make sense?).
+It is slightly flatter than the IHG calculated in accordance with the model described above (orange coloured line in Figure 6). IHG that are higher than the standard PHPP value of 4.1 W/m² for homes, as would result for dwelling units with a living area of less than 25 m², are not taken into account. Whether the assumptions made for such small dwellings are still correct requires more closer examination (Are all the usual household appliances present and are they within the thermal envelope? Is the presence of occupants similar to that in larger dwelling units? Does calculation of the hot water losses still make sense?).
 [{{picopen:ihg_depending_on_the_living_area_as_used_in_the_phpp_9.png?640 |**Figure 6**: IHG depending on the living area, as used in the PHPP 9 }}]
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+|//The sole responsibility for the content of Passipedia lies with the authors. \\
+While certain marked articles have been created with the support of the EU, they do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Union; \\
+Neither the EACI nor the European Commission are responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.//| \\
 ==== 12	References ====
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-//Die alleinige Verantwortung für den Inhalt dieser Publikation liegt bei den AutorInnen. Sie gibt nicht unbedingt die Meinung der Europäischen Union wieder. Weder die EASME noch die Europäische Kommission übernehmen Verantwortung für jegliche Verwendung der darin enthaltenen Informationen.//
+----
+//Energy labels mentioned in the article refer to the EU labels applicable before 01 March 2021.//